异步 SQL 关系型数据库

FastAPI 使用 encode/databases 为连接数据库提供异步支持（async 与 await）。

databases 兼容以下数据库：

• PostgreSQL
• MySQL
• SQLite

本章示例使用 SQLite，它使用的是单文件，且 Python 内置集成了 SQLite，因此，可以直接复制并运行本章示例。

生产环境下，则要使用 PostgreSQL 等数据库服务器。

提示

您可以使用 SQLAlchemy ORM（SQL 关系型数据库一章）中的思路，比如，使用工具函数在数据库中执行操作，独立于 FastAPI 代码。

本章不应用这些思路，等效于 Starlette 的对应内容。

导入与设置 SQLAlchemy

• 导入 SQLAlchemy
• 创建 metadata 对象
• 使用 metadata 对象创建 notes 表

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

提示

注意，上例是都是纯 SQLAlchemy Core 代码。

databases 还没有进行任何操作。

导入并设置 databases

• 导入 databases
• 创建 DATABASE_URL
• 创建 database

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

提示

连接 PostgreSQL 等数据库时，需要修改 DATABASE_URL。

创建表

本例中，使用 Python 文件创建表，但在生产环境中，应使用集成迁移等功能的 Alembic 创建表。

本例在启动 FastAPI 应用前，直接执行这些操作。

• 创建 engine
• 使用 metadata 对象创建所有表

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

创建模型

创建以下 Pydantic 模型：

• 创建笔记的模型（NoteIn）
• 返回笔记的模型（Note）

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

这两个 Pydantic 模型都可以辅助验证、序列化（转换）并注释（存档）输入的数据。

因此，API 文档会显示这些数据。

连接与断开

• 创建 FastAPI 应用
• 创建事件处理器，执行数据库连接与断开操作

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

读取笔记

创建读取笔记的路径操作函数：

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

笔记

注意，本例与数据库通信时使用 await，因此路径操作函数要声明为异步函数（asnyc）。

注意 response_model=List[Note]

response_model=List[Note] 使用的是 typing.List。

它以笔记（Note）列表的形式存档（及验证、序列化、筛选）输出的数据。

创建笔记

创建新建笔记的路径操作函数：

from typing import List

import databases
import sqlalchemy
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"

database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)

metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()

notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
    "notes",
    metadata,
    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
)


engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
)
metadata.create_all(engine)


class NoteIn(BaseModel):
    text: str
    completed: bool


class Note(BaseModel):
    id: int
    text: str
    completed: bool


app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    await database.disconnect()


@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
async def read_notes():
    query = notes.select()
    return await database.fetch_all(query)


@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

笔记

注意，本例与数据库通信时使用 await，因此要把路径操作函数声明为异步函数（asnyc）。

关于 {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

note 是 Pydantic Note 对象：

note.dict() 返回包含如下数据的字典：

{
    "text": "Some note",
    "completed": False,
}

但它不包含 id 字段。

因此要新建一个包含 note.dict() 键值对的字典：

{**note.dict()}

**note.dict() 直接解包键值对， 因此，{**note.dict()} 是 note.dict() 的副本。

然后，扩展dict 副本，添加键值对"id": last_record_id：

{**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}

最终返回的结果如下：

{
    "id": 1,
    "text": "Some note",
    "completed": False,
}

查看文档

复制这些代码，查看文档 http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs。

API 文档显示如下：

更多说明

详见 Github 上的encode/databases。