NoSQL（分布式/大数据）数据库¶

FastAPI 还支持与 NoSQL 数据库集成。

本章示例使用 Couchbase，它是一种基于文档的 NoSQL 数据库。

除了 Couchbase 外，还可以使用以下 NoSQL 数据库：

MongoDB
Cassandra
CouchDB
ArangoDB
ElasticSearch 等

提示

FastAPI 官方提供了使用 CouchBase 的项目生成器，所有内容都包含在 Docker 容器中，包括前端等工具：https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase

导入 Couchbase 组件¶

现在，先不考虑其他内容，只关注导入：

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

定义文档类型常量¶

稍后使用这个常量，在文档中作为固定字段 type。

CouchBase 不需要这段代码，但这种方式稍后会有帮助。

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

添加获取 `Bucket` 的函数¶

Couchbase 中，Bucket 是一组不同类型的文档。

它们通常都关联到同一个应用。

与关系型数据库对应的概念是数据库（专指数据库，不是数据库服务器）。

与 MongoDB 对应的是集合。

在代码中，Bucket 表示与数据库通信的主入口点。

这个工具函数将：

关联 Couchbase 集群（可能只是一台机器）
- Set defaults for timeouts.
- 设置超时的默认值
在集群中验证身份
获取 Bucket 实例
- 设置超时的默认值
返回值

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

创建 Pydantic 模型¶

Couchbase 文档实际上只是 JSON 对象，因此可以用 Pydantic 建模。

`User` 模型¶

首先，创建 User 模型：

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

路径操作函数中使用的是这个模型，因此，不要把 hashed_password 包含在这个模型里。

`UserInDB` 模型¶

接下来，创建 UserInDB 模型。

使用这个模型把数据保存到数据库里。

UserInDB 模型不是 Pydantic 中 BaseModel 的子类，而是 User 的子类，因为除了 User 所有属性之外，它只增加两个新属性：

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

笔记

注意，hashed_password 与 type 字段会保存到数据库里。

但它不是通用 User 模型的组件，（而是在路径操作中返回）。

提取用户¶

创建实现以下功能的函数：

提取用户名
根据用户名生成文档 ID
使用 ID 提取文档
把文档内容放入 UserInDB 模型

创建独立于路径操作函数的，使用 username （或任何其他参数）提取用户的专属函数，可以更轻易地在多个位置复用该函数，并为它添加单元测试。

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

f-字符串¶

f"userprofile::{username}" 是 Python 的 f-string。

f-string 把{} 里的变量展开并注入到字符串里。

`dict` 解包¶

如果您不清楚什么是 UserInDB(**result.value)，它使用的是 dict ”解包“ 技术。

它从 result.value 中提取字典，并提取每个键和值，然后把键值对以关键字参数的形式传递给 UserInDB。

如果字典包含以下内容：

{
    "username": "johndoe",
    "hashed_password": "some_hash",
}

它会以如下方式传递给 UserInDB：

UserInDB(username="johndoe", hashed_password="some_hash")

创建 FastAPI 代码¶

创建 `FastAPI` 应用¶

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

创建路径操作函数¶

因为本例中的代码调用了 Couchbase，并且没有使用试验性的 Python await 支持，因此，要把函数声明为普通函数（def），而不是异步函数（async）。

Couchbase 还建议不要在多线程中使用单个 Bucket 对象，因此，可以直接获取 Bucket，并把它传递给工具函数：

from typing import Union

from couchbase import LOCKMODE_WAIT
from couchbase.bucket import Bucket
from couchbase.cluster import Cluster, PasswordAuthenticator
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE = "userprofile"


def get_bucket():
    cluster = Cluster(
        "couchbase://couchbasehost:8091?fetch_mutation_tokens=1&operation_timeout=30&n1ql_timeout=300"
    )
    authenticator = PasswordAuthenticator("username", "password")
    cluster.authenticate(authenticator)
    bucket: Bucket = cluster.open_bucket("bucket_name", lockmode=LOCKMODE_WAIT)
    bucket.timeout = 30
    bucket.n1ql_timeout = 300
    return bucket


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    type: str = USERPROFILE_DOC_TYPE
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(bucket: Bucket, username: str):
    doc_id = f"userprofile::{username}"
    result = bucket.get(doc_id, quiet=True)
    if not result.value:
        return None
    user = UserInDB(**result.value)
    return user


# FastAPI specific code
app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/users/{username}", response_model=User)
def read_user(username: str):
    bucket = get_bucket()
    user = get_user(bucket=bucket, username=username)
    return user

小结¶

只使用标准包，就可以集成第三方 NoSQL 数据库。

同样，这种方式也适用于任何外部工具、系统或 API。